We have established that 4G convergence is expected to deal with several environments, including short range networks, which, in general, involve devices with capabilities subject to CPU, memory and disk limitations. Thus, with regard to routing, the next generation network should consider strategies that conserve battery power not only from a device survival point of view but more importantly in an attempt to use greener environment friendly solutions. These are also known as power-aware routing. For example, these devices should avoid the use of highly demanding table updates.
Routing mechanisms using location information have been proposed in order to improve energy consumption and data delivery. Note that the excessive use of location information from devices such as GPS for routing decisions can lead to a considerable increase in energy consumption when compared to location agnostic solutions. Moreover, vehicular networks are also expected to maintain location servers for vehicles to help in information routing.
In existing 2G and 3G networks, there is the horizontal cell connectivity handoff, one that involves cell changes by a terminal within the same type of network. 4G introduces also the vertical handoff. Here devices are expected to change networks they attach to. Hence, the challenge is to design routing protocols that are capable of handling vertical handoffs between pairs of different types of networks, while maintaining QoS requirements and optimizing common radio resources availability.
Under 4G networks, security is also seen as a paramount concern. Traditional attacks on existing IP networks will certainly migrate to 4G networks encouraged by both the heterogeneity and the open air interfaces of such networks. Routing information may be targeted in such attacks on system security, there is a need to design secure routing approaches to ensure the integrity of routing in 4G systems. This is not however the object of this chapter.
In summary, among the many routing-related challenges this work has identified, we mentioned QoS, security, energy and location information. The following section will present the details of new routing algorithms, with new network metrics and routing mechanisms, which motivate the extension of traditional classification to include epidemic, biological and social class of routing ideas, one expects to see in 4G networks.
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